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Witchcraft, poverty, and depression: The triple threat facing Zimbabwe’s elderly

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BY NOKUTHABA DLAMINI

In a small corner of Victoria Falls, a 92-year-old woman named Esther Mpofu calls Chinotimba Old People’s Home her own.

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Allegedly accused of witchcraft by her daughter-in-law and abandoned by her son, she was deprived of the right to family life as stated in Section 72 of the constitution.

Mpofu was left at the home 23 years ago and has never seen her seven grandchildren since.

The pain still lingers, and the isolation has taken a toll on her mental health.

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Esther Mpofu

“I had to comply because that’s what my son wanted for the sake of peace,” Mpofu recalls, her voice trembling.

“I had nowhere to go, no one to turn to, and coming here was the only option available because all my siblings died long ago. What I’m left with is for God to give me some rest because my soul is not at peace.”

As we spend time with her, we meet others like her – abandoned, lonely, and struggling with depression.

The home’s caretaker, Netie Chindedza, shares stories of similar heartbreak, of families turning their backs on their elderly loved ones.

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Netie Chindedza

“It’s just that we cannot have everyone here because of the resources, but if you go around these rural communities, children are abandoning their families, elderly people,” she says.

“Most of them are being accused of witchcraft, while some get tired of seeing them age, and this is the reason why we had to form this home to relieve the abandoned elderly people and save them from depression.”

As we left the female ward, we were taken to the male ward, where we met another elderly man, 82-year-old Jimmy Ndlovu from Nkayi district.

Jimmy Ndlovu

His story was similar – abandoned by his family, he had to travel over 700 kilometers to Victoria Falls to find a home first at Chidobe village in Hwange, and at the charity care facility due to drought-induced poverty.

He has been at the home for a couple of months now.

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“I was brought here by my daughter, who is married in Filabusi, I was starving, and I had no one to turn to,” Ndlovu says.

As we listened to Ndlovu’s story, we couldn’t help but ask ourselves, how could families turn their backs on their loved ones like this?

But our journey wasn’t over yet. As we moved on, we met another elderly man, 96-year-old, whose destination is unknown.

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He is deaf and unable to sit on his own, relying on diapers and constant care from the facility’s staff.

The Hwange district medical officer, Fungai Musinami, notes that such issues of neglect are rampant, and many dying in silence leading to depression.

“There is this concept in our society that a real man doesn’t cry, doesn’t struggle, and has to be strong. But men and elderly people also struggle with depression and anxiety, and we’ve seen them commit suicides due to feeling uncared for.”

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The African Charter’s Article 14 states: Every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health.

But why is this happening in the communities?

Musinami explains, “Our society perpetuates a harmful narrative that these must be invincible. But the truth is, they are human too. They face financial pressures, relationship stress, feeling unloved…just like any other person. And when they can’t cope, they’re more likely to take their own lives.”

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The statistics are chilling – recent research published by the Ministry of Health and Child Care and UN partners states that mental health-related morbidity and mortality are increasing in Zimbabwe, with anxiety disorders estimated to affect 2.8 percent of the population and account for 4 percent of total years lived with disability.

For example, 38 suicide attempts, elderly people included, were recorded in January and February this year at Mpilo Hospital, up from 11 in the same period last year.

Assistant Commissioner Paul Nyathi, the Zimbabwe Republic Police spokesperson, added that witchcraft allegations are rampant, leading to violent attacks and displacement.

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“We have received similar cases like those (Mpofu’s), as you might have seen the incident where Masvingo man and his three daughters, including a juvenile, were arrested over a brutal murder of a 77-year-old and 92-year-old relatives rooted in witchcraft allegations.”

“Let me make this clear, in our constitution, it is an offense to call another person a witch and you can be tried in courts for that.”

Under the Witchcraft Suppression Act (Chapter 10:09), Section 3: Prohibits accusing someone of being a witch or practicing witchcraft while Section 4: prohibits damaging someone’s reputation by accusing them of witchcraft.

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For this, Nyathi urges the communities to seek counseling services through the traditional and religious leaders and even through police’s counseling section.

Efforts to trace Mpofu’s son have been fruitless as his contacts, which he gave her are not reachable and at the care, they do not know the village where he lives.

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Inside the ‘bondage’ of Zimbabwe’s contract tobacco farming

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BY LINDA MUJURU

Zimbabwe’s tobacco sector was once on the brink of collapse. Now, it’s booming again. Last year alone, it earned the country close to US$1 billion in revenue.

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But though the crop is one of the country’s top exports and production has soared, small-scale contract farmers say they see little profit due to restrictive financing agreements.

The tobacco boom, farmers say, is keeping them in debt.

Gift Ngoma is among them. When he lost his clerk job eight years ago, tobacco farming was the only way he could feed his family. But fertilizer, seeds and labor proved expensive. Even money from the few cows he sold wasn’t enough.

Like many rural Zimbabweans, he’d gotten land — about 3.5 hectares (9 acres) — through traditional tenure. But those who secured land that way often lack a title deed. For Ngoma, formal credit was out of the question.

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Ngoma knew of local farmers who had entered agreements with private companies. The deals looked good at first: Each planting season, a company provided farmers with seeds and fertilizer on credit. They’d offer technical support throughout the season. In return, farmers sold enough of their crop to the company and used part of the revenue to cover what they owed.

Ngoma signed on with Premium Leaf Zimbabwe, a subsidiary of Premium Tobacco — a global company headquartered in Dubai.

The company provided him with seeds and some money for labor. Once harvest came, he sold enough tobacco to the company to pay off his debt. But over time, he says, this agreement came to feel like a trap. The seeds and other inputs are overpriced, he says, and there’s little money left over to find true success as a farmer.

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Thin rewards

More than 100,000 small-scale tobacco farmers in Zimbabwe have entered into contracts with tobacco companies, according to data from the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board, a statutory body that oversees tobacco production in the country.

The contracts — heavily financed by companies such as British American Tobacco and Tian Ze (China Tobacco) — now support over 95% of Zimbabwe’s tobacco production.

The five largest importers of Zimbabwe’s raw tobacco are China, South Africa, Mozambique, United Arab Emirates and Indonesia.

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But smallholding farmers don’t feel that success. In December 2024, the government announced plans to issue title deeds to beneficiaries of the land reform program, which would give farmers a chance to use their land as collateral and rely less on contract farming. But for now, many still rely on tobacco contracts.

“We are in a cycle of oppression,” Ngoma says. “There is poverty in contract farming. It’s as if we are laborers on our farms.”

When Global Press Journal reached out to Premium Leaf Zimbabwe for comment, they said it was the company’s policy to “protect the privacy of our farmers and operational integrity.” Tian Ze and British American Tobacco did not respond to several requests for comment.

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The land link

Zimbabwe’s shift to contract farming has roots in a wider story of land reform.

At independence in 1980, white Zimbabweans — who made up less than 2% of the population — controlled nearly half of all agricultural land. The majority black population was confined to degraded, overcrowded communal areas.

In 2000, then-President Robert Mugabe launched the controversial Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The government redistributed millions of hectares of land from about 6,000 large, white-owned farms to more than 168,000 black-owned farms, according to a Human Rights Watch report.

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The reforms were rushed, controversial and violent, but they brought a new agrarian structure. Tobacco, at the time one of the most valuable crops and dominated by white-owned farms, shifted to small-scale operations by the new landowners.

But the new generation of farmers didn’t have access to traditional bank credit since they didn’t hold deeds to their land. Tobacco production dropped dramatically, from over 197,000 tons in 1998 to about 44,000 tons in 2006.

Farmers needed support, and into the vacuum stepped contract schemes, mostly by Chinese agribusinesses such as Tian Ze. They supplied seeds, fertilizers and technical support in exchange for crop guarantees, price control and access to global markets. Ultimately, those contracts played a key role in the post-reform tobacco boom.

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‘We continue to be dependent’

Contract schemes now dominate Zimbabwe’s tobacco farming, says Emmanuel Matsvaire, acting chief executive officer of the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board. In the 2024-25 season alone, the board recorded a total of 106,555 small-scale growers, he says, and about 89% of these are contract farming. In the 2025 season, the board licensed 43 companies to contract tobacco farmers.

The country’s economy has long struggled and “local financing is generally limited,” Matsvaire says. These companies fill the gap.

But farmers say the fine print works against them.

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Seeds and fertilizer are overpriced, Ngoma says. For half a hectare, he receives seven bags of fertilizer for US$65 each. At the shops, the same bag costs about US$40. Many farmers don’t have ready cash to buy directly from shops, so they rely on private companies to provide fertilizer and other inputs, even if it means paying more when harvest comes.

“Because of poverty, we continue to be dependent,” Ngoma says.

Once contract farmers pay back the debts, very little is left. In some cases, the total earnings don’t even cover the debt, Ngoma says, which forces them to grow tobacco for the same company the next season.

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The companies control the whole process, including land use, Ngoma says, adding that at times they bring in agricultural experts who dictate seed types, planting times and farming methods, completely disregarding local farming knowledge.

Peter Neshumba, 36, began contract farming for Premium Leaf Zimbabwe in 2024. He says these companies go as far as controlling whether farmers can plant anything else. They want full devotion for their crops, he says. “Until harvest, the land essentially belongs to them.”

If a farmer doesn’t stick to the rules, the company might refuse to buy their crop or leave them without a contract the next season, he says.

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A contract analyzed in a 2023 study in Oikos, a journal published by Zimbabwe Ezekiel Guti University, shows just how tobacco contracts lock small-scale farmers into risky debt. The 2019-20 Tian Ze contract required farmers to repay loans before seeing any profit, even requiring some to put their property on the line as collateral.

Undoing land reforms

These arrangements undermine Zimbabwe’s land reforms, says George Seremwe, the president of the Zimbabwe Tobacco Growers Association. The reforms were meant to redress colonial imbalances, but contract farming introduces new vulnerabilities for small-scale farmers as they cede control of their land to contracting companies.

But Nelson Marongwe, an independent land expert who has researched tobacco farming and land rights, doesn’t think so. The contracts are valid, he says, and address a production gap.

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But it needs to be for a limited period, he says, as there is a risk of farmers losing autonomy and companies abusing their bargaining power.

‘I feel used’

The tobacco board is trying to make these arrangements fairer to farmers, Matsvaire says. The government is implementing a framework to ensure farmers receive a fair share of profits, receive inputs in time and aren’t burdened with overpriced or substandard inputs. The framework will also set a minimum input package for farmers.

Matsvaire adds that this farming season, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe has mandated that tobacco farmers retain 70% of their earnings, in US dollars to protect them from exchange-rate losses.

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But Ngoma says other issues, like land control and alternative financing methods, still need to be addressed.

One solution, Marongwe, the land expert, says, is to secure rural land rights for all farmers, which would expand access to other financing options.

Seremwe says farmers need fairer terms, but the solution is not to abandon contract farming, since the country needs the foreign investment.

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Despite the challenges, Neshumba plans to keep contract farming. He doesn’t have financing alternatives. When he started, he hoped for better returns. “Now that I’m in it,” he says, “I feel used.”

For farmers like Ngoma, the goal is self-financing.

“Contract farming,” he says, “is a bondage.”

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The story was originally published by the Global Press Journal 

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Government discord over tinted vehicle directive

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BY WANDILE TSHUMA

In a surprising turn of events, President Emmerson Mnangagwa’s spokesman, George Charamba, has dismissed a recent directive mandating the removal of tinted windows from vehicles across Zimbabwe, labeling it as lacking legal grounding and urging the public to disregard it.

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Charamba, who is currently accompanying the president in China, issued this clarification on Wednesday, distancing Mnangagwa’s office from the controversial announcement made by Tafadzwa Muguti, the Secretary for Presidential Affairs and Devolution.

“Kindly note: There is no basis in fact or law to the accompanying announcement attributed to Secretary Muguti. Kindly ignore this miscommunication from an unauthorized office and officer!” Charamba stated on X, further attaching a video of Muguti.

Muguti’s original directive, announced during a press conference in Harare on Tuesday, required all private and public motorists to “immediately” strip their vehicles of tinted windows due to a purported increase in crime involving obscured vehicles.

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The announcement notably exempted government and VIP transport, as well as vehicles manufactured with standard shades of tint.

The directive quickly sparked confusion, as previous laws do not impose an outright ban on tinted windows. Statutory Instrument 129 of 2015 mandates that windows must provide “a clear, undistorted vision” and a “safe degree of visibility,” indicating that there are conditions under which tints are permissible.

Legal experts have raised concerns over the authority and validity of Muguti’s statement, cautioning that the police could engage in unlawful actions if they attempted to enforce the measure. Lawyer Obey Shava emphasized, “Police should be careful not to make costly decisions based on a statement which is not fully supported by the law. Tint is allowed on condition certain requirements are met,” as reported by ZimLive.

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Zimbabwe road traffic fatalities rise to 20 amid recent accidents

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BY STAFF REPORTER

The Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) has confirmed that the death toll from recent road traffic accidents has tragically escalated to at least 20 individuals in the past few days. This surge in fatalities has raised serious concerns regarding road safety across the nation.

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In a statement released today, the ZRP detailed a fatal accident that occurred early this morning at the 246-kilometer peg along the Mutare-Masvingo Road, near Mutendi Complex. A Dragon bus, carrying 20 passengers and traveling from Beitbridge to Mutare, collided with a haulage truck while attempting to overtake. The bus driver swerved back into his lane upon noticing an oncoming vehicle, resulting in a devastating sideswipe that caused timber from the truck to pierce into the bus. Eight people, including the bus driver, died at the scene, and four others were injured in the crash. The injured were transferred to Masvingo General Hospital for treatment.

The ZRP emphasized the alarming trend of road accidents in their statement, noting

that these incidents were predominantly caused by reckless overtaking. “Most of the accidents recorded recently have been due to overtaking errors on the part of drivers,” police officials stated. “We urge all motorists to exercise extreme caution and adhere strictly to traffic regulations.”

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This latest accident follows another tragic incident on August 28 involving a Toyota Fortuner GD6 at the 46-kilometer peg along the same road. The vehicle veered off the road and hit a concrete signpost, resulting in four immediate fatalities. This number subsequently rose to six as two more victims succumbed to their injuries after being admitted to Victoria Chitepo Provincial Hospital.

Additionally, on August 29, a separate accident on the Harare-Nyamapanda Road claimed the lives of seven family members when a kombi they were traveling in lost control during an overtaking maneuver, resulting in an overturn that killed five instantly and two more in the hospital.

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